The Role of Women Workers in Surabaya, East Java,Indonesia, in Meeting Families' Needs During the Covid-19 Pandemic: a Maqāsid Sharīah Perspective

This research studied the role of women workers in Surabaya in meeting the family's needs during the Covid-19 pandemic. As field research, it employed a qualitative approach. The data was collected through interviews with 12 women workers and observation at the respondents' workplaces from November 2021 to April 2022. This research concluded that women workers have a significant role in meeting the family's needs during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Their role comes in three categories: First, they work to help husbands in meeting primary needs because the husband's salary cannot cover the whole bill. Second, they work to meet the family's secondary needs because the husband's salary is only sufficient for the family's primary needs. Third, they work to meet primary and secondary needs because no one provides so. In the perspective of maqāsid shariah, their role are according to the principle of maintaining property (hifz al-māl). The first role is according to the principle of hifz al-māl in the category maslahah darūriyyāt. The second role accords to the principle of hifz al-māl in maslaha hajiyyāt and the third role is according to the principle of hifz al-māl in maslahah darūriyyāt and maslahah hajiyyāt. Copyright © 2022 by al-Ihkam.

Pandemic and gender equality. The impact of Covid-19 on the world of work

The research aims to investigate the phenomenon of shecession, caused by the pandemic, in the Italian legal system, taking the constitutional perspective on a dual and inclusive society. The main features that characterize the women's work will be analyzed to verify how they have interacted with the measures taken to counter the pandemic. These findings will be related to the Constitution (articles 3 and 37) to underline the deep distance between the current structure of the labor market and the constitutional project about a social renewal. In the end, the actions planned by the PNRR to enhance women employment in the post-Covid period will be examined. © 2023, Societa Editoriale Federalismi s.r.l. All rights reserved.

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF COVID-19 ON WOMEN HOME-BASED WORKERS IN RURAL PAKISTAN: THE NARRATIVES OF SURVIVAL

Globally, a large number of people work in the informal economy under vulnerable conditions. This study examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on women home-based workers (HBWs) in Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 45 women HBWs were interviewed to assess the effects of the pandemic on their livelihoods. The results show that both men and women in the family lost their work during the lockdown which created a severe economic crisis. Due to limited literacy and lack of training, women HBWs were unable to use online platforms for selling their products. Thus, many women remained without work for several months which affected their livelihoods. The study highlights the role of extended family and close kin ties during the economic crisis. Based on the findings, we suggest introducing a well-integrated social protection system and implementing Sindh Home-based Workers Act 2018 immediately so to ensure the welfare of workers, particularly during a catastrophe.

Impact of COVID-19 infection for the respiratory system of women in healthcare

Infection by COVID-19 is accompanied by inflammatory changes and damage to the lung, with chronic lung disease and concomitant changes in the immune response further increasing the risk of severe disease and death. The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of COVID-19 in healthcare professionals and the impact on respiratory function. Material and methods: Respiratory function testing was conducted using spirometry, and an anonymous questionnaire survey of women in the health care field was performed. The data show that those who have recovered from the coronavirus infection are a significant part of the examined health care professionals - 86.60%. In order to prevent more serious lung damage, it is necessary to develop and quickly introduce preventive care and rehabilitation programs for all professionals who have recovered from the coronavirus infection, regardless of the severity of its course.

Assessing Mental Health of Women Working as Front-Line Health Workers in Self-Help Groups in Odisha during COVID-19 Outbreak

COVID-19 pandemic has taken a toll on the mental condition of the people globally and the more affected are women as compared to men. Women engaged in self-help groups also suffering from mental health disorders during COVID-19 pandemic. The current study aimed to understand how mental health has affected the SHGs women during COVID-19 and violence of women in the domestic field due to the impact of COVID-19. The current study designed a questionnaire by using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and data was collected from 218 respondents and descriptive analysis was conducted by using SPSS-20. The findings revealed that the maximum number of women in self-help groups suffered with mild anxiety and 15% suffered with severe anxiety disorder. The maximum number of women follows meditation followed by indoor games and yoga to cope up with anxiety. Hence, women working in self-help groups need to take preventive actions like yoga and other therapies to avoid anxiety and stress which help them to engage and be productive in their professional job during COVID-19 pandemic. © 2023 by SPC (Sami Publishing Company)

COVID-19 impact and recovery for women informal workers–a view from 2021

Studies show that the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions had disproportionately negative impacts on the majority of the world’s workers who work informally, and on women informal workers in particular. This reflects the interplay between the pandemic, existing decent work deficits in informal employment, and discriminatory gendered norms within and outside the workplace. Based on a sample of 1,935 informal workers from a mixed-method longitudinal study across 12 cities in 2020 and 2021 conducted by Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO), this article finds that the gendered impacts on informal workers within and between occupational sectors observed in the initial three months have persisted over a year and half into the pandemic, and explores the reasons for the gender-differentiated impacts. It then considers the specific demands made by informal workers to the state, highlighting the ways in which sector and gender mediate workers’ policy needs. Finally, it provides evidence of the role of member-based organisations of informal workers in responding directly to the needs of women workers, and on making claims on the state to fulfil these needs. © 2022 Oxfam KEDV.

The Role of Women Workers in Surabaya, East Java,Indonesia, in Meeting Families’ Needs during the Covid-19 Pandemic: a Maqāṣid Sharīah Perspective

This research studied the role of women workers in Surabaya in meeting the family’s needs during the Covid-19 pandemic. As field research, it employed a qualitative approach. The data was collected through interviews with 12 women workers and observation at the respondents’ workplaces from November 2021 to April 2022. This research concluded that women workers have a significant role in meeting the family’s needs during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Their role comes in three categories: First, they work to help husbands in meeting primary needs because the husband’s salary cannot cover the whole bill. Second, they work to meet the family’s secondary needs because the husband’s salary is only sufficient for the family's primary needs. Third, they work to meet primary and secondary needs because no one provides so. In the perspective of maqāṣid shariah, their role are according to the principle of maintaining property (ḥifẓ al-māl). The first role is according to the principle of ḥifẓ al-māl in the category maṣlaḥah ḍarūriyyāt. The second role accords to the principle of ḥifẓ al-māl in maṣlaḥa ḥajiyyāt and the third role is according to the principle of ḥifẓ al-māl in maṣlaḥah ḍarūriyyāt and maṣlaḥah ḥajiyyāt. Copyright (c) 2022 by al-Ihkam.

Relating supervisor interpersonal emotion management- and task-oriented leadership to adaptive performance: a moderated-mediation model incorporating trust and gender

Purpose>The authors incorporated leadership and gender theories with research on trust to propose a model relating interpersonal emotion management (IEM, a type of relational leadership) and task-oriented (T-O) leadership to follower adaptive performance. The authors also examine the indirect effect of IEM and T-O on adaptive performance via trust and the possible moderating role of gender on these relationships.Design/methodology/approach>The authors tested this model using a sample of 314 workers who rated their direct leaders (supervisors).Findings>Overall, results supported the model for IEM as it was directly and indirectly related (via trust) to adaptive job performance (even after controlling for transformational leadership) and these relationships were more positive for women leaders. T-O leadership was related to adaptive job performance as expected but was unrelated to trust or, via trust, to adaptive performance. Findings also suggest that women direct leaders may garner more trust and adaptive performance from followers by engaging in higher levels of IEM, while also not experiencing backlash for engaging in the more agentic T-O behaviors during a crisis.Practical implications>Despite an emphasis on women's relational leadership during a crisis, the authors findings show organizations are best served by ambidextrous leaders who can manage the emotions and tasks of their followers and that both women and men can engage in these leadership styles without penalty.Originality/value>Much research regarding women's leadership advantage during a crisis is based on political leaders or has been conducted in lab settings. Further, it has focused on attitudes toward the women leaders rather than their performance. Research has also not considered both IEM along with the possible backlash women may experience for engaging in T-O leadership.

The changing nature of traditional work settings and the emerging virtual work environments in Africa: the experience of Nigerian women

Purpose>This paper aims to investigate work–life balance and job satisfaction in the emerging virtual work environments among women in patriarchal Nigerian society.Design/methodology/approach>Data were collected with structured and semi-structured questionnaire from 316 participants who signed up for online affiliate marketing programs in Nigeria. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics, while the hypotheses were tested with partial least squares structural equation modelling.Findings>The outcomes indicate insignificant conflict in the interface between remotely working from home and the discharge of family care responsibilities among married Nigerian women. Also, the women derive significant job satisfaction from virtual work settings. Outcomes from the semi-structured interviews indicate that Nigerian women receive more support in indoor household chores than outdoor household chores while performing virtual work duties from home locations with housemaids being the highest source of such support.Originality/value>This study extends work–life balance literature from the traditional work environments to the emerging virtual work settings in Africa by providing empirical evidence that the emerging virtual work settings do not result in work–family conflict but rather yield significant job satisfaction among Nigerian women.

On the question of access to welfare and health for women during the initial phase of the pandemic

As the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, women migrant workers were placed at a distinct disadvantage. Millions of women workers in labour-intensive occupations, from domestic work to construction lost their jobs, while also shouldering the responsibility of caregiving. This study draws on in-depth interviews with women workers in Delhi to document their life and experiences in the aftermath of the national lockdown in 2020. It brings to light a range of challenges around food security, caregiving, income security, and social protection. It documents the impact of existing inequalities of gender, migration status, and class on access to support, which has implications on the long-term repercussions of the current economic crisis.

COVID-19, Taxation and Gender: Favorable tax measures for autonomous women as a mechanism for economic recovery in the face of COVID-19 in Latin America

COVID-19 crisis raises the need for urgent tax measures. We propose tax measures to help reducing the gap at the labor market between men and women in Latin America. We start from the impact of the pandemic in Latin American women workers and base the need to adopt fiscal measures of promotion. We analyze some measures with gender orientation in various States. This analysis leads us to affirm the need for this tax measures against the crisis and a reflection about the opportunity to reduce the labor gap between women and men.

Overcoming precarity: how informal women workers coped during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic and successive lockdowns worsened the working conditions for women in the informal economy, resulting in loss of jobs, food insecurity, and reverse migration from cities to rural areas, more often than not along with their families. This article presents findings from an evaluation and looks at how informal women workers, such as domestic workers, beedi rollers and agricultural workers, fared in the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal during the pandemic. It looks at the impact of collectivisation efforts through SEWA's programme to assuage the socio-economic challenges that emerged for these informal women workers.

Gender and COVID-19: Workers in global value chains.

This article presents a framework to analyse the gendered impact of COVID-19 on workers in global value chains (GVCs) in the business process outsourcing, garment and electronics industries. Distinguishing between the health and lockdown effects of the pandemic, and between its supply- and demand-related impacts, the authors' gendered analysis focuses on multidimensional aspects of well-being, understands the economy as encompassing production and social reproduction spheres, and examines the social norms and structures of power that produce gender inequalities. Their findings suggest that the pandemic exposes and amplifies the existing vulnerabilities of women workers in GVCs.

Pandemic motherhood and the academy: a critical examination of the leisure-work dichotomy. (Special Issue: Leisure in the time of Covid-19.)

In late 2017, a critical investigation of the impact of motherhood on perceptions of success in academia, specific to leisure scholars in the United States, was undertaken by the authors of this critical review. Results from this study indicated that leisure scholars who are also mothers experience a great deal of pressure to be productive educators and researchers. This stems from unrealistic work expectations, unsupportive colleagues, and workplace policies that are difficult to navigate. The impacts of these are exacerbated by the pandemic conditions caused by COVID-19 due to existing patriarchal structures in academia. Community mitigation efforts result in working mothers balancing multiple full-time responsibilities, including providing childcare and education for their children while struggling to complete their paid work. We asked our previous research participants to share how their work and family experiences have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic conditions, specifically as it relates to performing simultaneously as both primary childcare providers and faculty members at their institutions. While necessary to address a global health emergency, transitioning to remote work has increased employment expectations for mothers employed in higher education. Leisure scientists reported that telecommuting has led to an unideal merger of their personal and professional spaces, disrupting any harmony that these mothers were working so tirelessly to achieve. Leaders in higher education must address this misguided "hurry up model" and lack of concern for their employees as both scholars and human beings that need leisure to ensure quality of life and wellbeing.

Where is my home?: Gendered precarity and the experience of COVID-19 among women migrant workers from Delhi and National Capital Region, India.

With growing interest in the lives of individuals and communities during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is consensus among scholars, academicians, and policy makers that the pandemic has had unequal impacts on different sections of the society. The dominant idea that "we are in this together" needs to be critically unpacked to understand the differential impact of the same pandemic on people with varied vulnerabilities. The concept of "intersectional vulnerability" has been key to understanding the unequal distribution of the pandemic risk. Using a gendered intersectional lens, this paper aims to understand the lived experiences of migrant women workers during the pandemic and their narratives of gendered inequality. Through a narrative study in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR), India, from May to October 2020, this study brings out stories of precarity faced by five migrant women while battling the social, psychological, and economic effects of the pandemic. Loss of livelihood, home, savings, and prospects of a better future shape the narratives of these women. The pandemic exacerbated the already precarious positions of these women by creating a situation where-(a) patriarchal structures were further reinforced, and (b) losing gender solidarity and companionship through lockdown and social distancing.

Women Garment Workers Face Huge Inequities in Global Supply Chain Factories Made Worse by COVID-19.

Women make up the large majority of workers in global supply chains, especially factories in the apparel supply chain. These workers face significant inequalities in wages, workplace hazards, and a special burden of gender-based violence and harassment. These "normal" conditions have been compounded by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has exacerbated long-standing structural inequities. Decades of well-financed "corporate social responsibility" programs have failed because they do not address the underlying causes of illegal and abusive working conditions. New initiatives in the past half-decade offer promise in putting the needs and rights of workers front and center. Occupational health and safety professionals can assist in the global effort to improve working and social conditions, and respect for the rights and dignity of women workers, through advocacy and action on the job, in their professional associations, and in society at large.